No Child Left Behind Act - 918 Words

The No Child Left Behind Act was put into place to make equilibrium of education amongst all students. When in context, its provision seems to work against the goals of students with disabilities. On January 8, 2002, the No Child Left Behind Act was signed into law by President George Bush. No Child Left Behind legislation was established to improve the educational achievement of all students, including those with disabilities (Keys others, 2008; Turnbull, Huerta, Stowe, 2009). President George Bush said â€Å"Some say it is unfair to hold disadvantage children to rigorous standards† (Wrightslaw, 2002). I say it is discrimination to require anything less. It is the soft â€Å"bigotry† of low expectations. I am one of some that believe†¦show more content†¦Those students only have speaking problem and no other kind of disabilities should be expected to be tested just as the others. I have worked with those students that are capable of learning and being tested as the other students. Those students that have learning disabilities can and sometimes retain what they have learned. They can be tested but not the way other students are tested. These students should be made an exception to this rigorous testing. There are other ways to test these students. President Barack Obama has used an executive authority to revise the No Child Left Behind education law, there are factors driving toward the use of student test scores, classroom observation and input from students among other measures how to determine (Helfing, 2011). The factors that I have seen in working with Special Education-there have to be different ways of determining what level of disabilities does each disabled student has in order to say that this disabled student can be tested with a standard test as the non-disabled student. This will be an appropriate way of determining the ability of that student. The teacher is the one that observes the students and know capabil ities of that student. President Obama stated that there are states wanting to get relief from the Bush-era No Child Left Behind law might be able to get a waiver from this law (Hefling, 2011). In Idaho States Department of Education is working on a publicShow MoreRelatedNo Child Left Behind Act1621 Words   |  7 Pages The support for the No Child Left Behind Act plummeted down shortly after the act passed. Many people supported the act at first simply because they supported the goals of the act, once they saw the results, their opinions changed. One of the biggest arguments towards No Child Left Behind is that it is unfair. People believed the resources of difference schools were unequal, and thought the Title 1 funding that the schools received should go to ensuring all schools had equal resources. Many peopleRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1670 Words   |  7 Pages Literature Review: Every Student Succeeds Act Suzanne Hatton, BSW, LSW University of Kentucky-SW 630 Abstract This literature review seeks to explore the Every Student Succeeds Act (2015), a bipartisan reauthorization and revision to the No Child Left Behind Act (2002). The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is the first law passed in fourteen years to address Reneeded changes to the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Considered progressive and innovative at the time of itsRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act875 Words   |  4 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act â€Å"NCLB† was a bill passed by the Senate in 2001 and signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002. It was a revision of the Elementary and Secondary Act â€Å"ESEA† of 1965 by President Lyndon Johnson. The NCLB was intended to help children in lower-income families achieve the same standard of education as children in higher income families. This was done by the federal government providing extra finances for Title I schools in exchange for a rise in academicRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1418 Wor ds   |  6 Pagessystematic oppression. The flowing water of oppression floods poor schools; drowning students with dreams, and giving no mercy. The only ones safe from the water are the privileged, who are oblivious to the fact that it exists. George Bush s No Child Left Behind Act, which passed in 2002, mandated annual standardized testing in math and reading. If schools received insufficient scores, they were punished or shut down. This fueled the construed concept that a school is only doing well if the students haveRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagesuccessful at it. (Source 7) Next, the â€Å"No Child left behind Act† it was signed by President George W. Bush and it passed with bipartisan support on Jan. 8, 2002. This Act states that there will be mandated annual testing in the subject reading and math and science. In the grades 3-8 and 10th grade. It shows the Adequate Yearly Progress of each school in the system of the United States. (source 1) The biggest point of this Act is that no child is â€Å"trapped in a failing school† (source 1). That eachRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act2120 Words   |  9 PagesWhen President George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) into law in 2002, the legislation had one goal-- to improve educational equity for all students in the United States by implementing standards for student achievement and school district and teacher performance. Before the No Child Left Behind Act, the program of study for most schools was developed and implemented by individual states and local communities†™ school boards. Proponents of the NCLB believed that lax oversightRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1988 Words   |  8 PagesJanuary 8, 2002, George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law (also known as the NCLB). The No Child Left Behind Act was the latest reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, a federal education bill addressing the nation’s schools. At his signing ceremony, Bush stated, â€Å"There’s no greater challenge than to make sure that every child—and all of us on this stage mean every child, not just a few children—every single child, regardless of where they live, how they’reRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act was the biggest educational step taken by president Bush and his administration. Its main goal included the increase of achievement in education and completely eliminate the gap between different racial and ethnic grou ps. Its strategies had a major focus on uplifting test scores in schools, hiring â€Å"highly qualified teachers† and deliver choices in education. Unluckily, the excessive demands of the law have not succeeded in achieving the goals that were set, and have causedRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1747 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Behind Introduction The No Child Left Behind Act (NALB) was signed into law by the former President of the United States George Walker Bush on the 8th of January 2002. It was a congressional attempt to encourage student achievement through some reforms focused on elementary and secondary education programs in the United States. The NCLB requires that within a decade all students including those with disabilities to perform at a proficient level on their state academic evaluation testsRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1124 Words   |  5 PagesChristian J. Green Dr. Shoulders NCLB and ESSA 28 February 2016 The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was authorized by and signed into law in 2002. NCLB was a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965. NCLB was meant to hold schools to higher standards, enforce accountability, and close achievement gaps that had existed in education since ESEA was enacted. Nevertheless, the rigorous standards and goals set forth under NCLB were never attained. ESEA Flexibility could

Bag of Bones CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE Free Essays

string(54) " Mattie took my hand and pulled me back onto my feet\." For men, I think, love is a thing formed of equal parts lust and astonishment. The astonishment part women understand. The lust part they only think they understand. We will write a custom essay sample on Bag of Bones CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE or any similar topic only for you Order Now Very few perhaps one in twenty have any concept of what it really is or how deep it runs. That’s probably just as well for their sleep and peace of mind. And I’m not talking about the lust of satyrs and rapists and molesters; I’m talking about the lust of shoe-clerks and high-school principals. Not to mention writers and lawyers. We turned into Mattie’s dooryard at ten to eleven, and as I parked my Chevy beside her rusted-out Jeep, the trailer door opened and Mat-tie came out on the top step. I sucked in my breath, and beside me I could hear John sucking in his. She was very likely the most beautiful young woman I have ever seen in my life as she stood there in her rose-colored shorts and matching middy top. The shorts were not short enough to be cheap (my mother’s word) but plenty short enough to be provocative. Her top tied in floppy string bows across the shoulders and showed just enough tan to dream on. Her hair hung to her shoulders. She was smiling and waving. I thought, She’s made it take her into the country-club dining room now, dressed just as she is, and she shuts everyone else down. ‘Oh Lordy,’ John said. There was a kind of dismayed longing in his voice. ‘All that and a bag of chips.’ ‘Yeah,’ I said. ‘Put your eyes back in your head, big boy.’ He made cupping motions with his hands as if doing just that. George, meanwhile, had pulled his Altima in next to us. ‘Come on,’ I said, opening my door. ‘Time to party.’ ‘I can’t touch her, Mike,’ John said. ‘I’ll melt.’ ‘Come on, you goof.’ Mattie came down the steps and past the pot with the tomato plant in it. Ki was behind her, dressed in an outfit similar to her mother’s, only in a shade of dark green. She had the shys again, I saw; she kept one steadying hand on Mattie’s leg and one thumb in her mouth. ‘The guys are here! The guys are here!’ Mattie cried, laughing, and threw herself into my arms. She hugged me tight and kissed the corner of my mouth. I hugged her back and kissed her cheek. Then she moved on to John, read his shirt, patted her hands together in applause, and then hugged him. He hugged back pretty well for a guy who was afraid he might melt, I thought, picking her up off her feet and swinging her around in a circle while she hung onto his neck and laughed. ‘Rich lady, rich lady, rich lady!’ John chanted, then set her down on the cork soles of her white shoes. ‘Free lady, free lady, free lady!’ she chanted back. ‘The hell with rich!’ Before he could reply, she kissed him firmly on the mouth. His arms rose to slip around her, but she stepped back before they could catch hold. She turned to Rommie and George, who were standing side-by-side and looking like fellows who might want to explain all about the Mormon Church. I took a step forward, meaning to do the introductions, but John was taking care of that, and one of his arms managed to accomplish its mission after all it circled her waist as he led her forward toward the men. Meanwhile a little hand slipped into mine. I looked down and saw Ki looking up at me. Her face was grave and pale and every bit as beautiful as her mother’s. Her blonde hair, freshly washed and shining, was held back with a velvet scrunchy. ‘Guess the fridgeafator people don’t like me now,’ she said. The laughter and insouciance were gone, at least for the moment. She looked on the verge of tears. ‘My letters all went bye-bye.’ I picked her up and set her in the crook of my arm as I had on the day I’d met her walking down the middle of Route 68 in her bathing suit. I kissed her forehead and then the tip of her nose. Her skin was perfect silk. ‘I know they did,’ I said. ‘I’ll buy you some more.’ ‘Promise?’ Doubtful dark blue eyes fixed on mine. ‘Promise. And I’ll teach you special words like â€Å"zygote† and â€Å"bibulous†. I know lots of special words.’ ‘How many?’ ‘A hundred and eighty.’ Thunder rumbled in the west. It didn’t seem louder, but it was more focused, somehow. Ki’s eyes went in that direction, then came back to mine. ‘I’m scared, Mike.’ ‘Scared? Of what?’ ‘Ofi don’t know. The lady in Mattie’s dress. The men we saw.’ Then she looked over my shoulder. ‘Here comes Mommy.’ I have heard actresses deliver the line Not in front of the children in that exact same tone of voice. Kyra wiggled in the circle of my arms. ‘Land me.’ I landed her. Mattie, John, Rommie, and George came over to join us. Ki ran to Mattie, who picked her up and then eyed us like a general surveying her troops. ‘Got the beer?’ she asked me. ‘Yessum. A case of Bud and a dozen mixed sodas, as well. Plus lemonade.’ ‘Great. Mr. Kennedy ‘ ‘George, ma’am.’ ‘George, then. And if you call me ma’am again, I’ll punch you in the nose. I’m Mattie. Would you drive down to the Lakeview General’-she pointed to the store on Route 68, about half a mile from us ‘and get some ice?’ ‘You bet.’ ‘Mr. Bissonette ‘ ‘Rommie.’ ‘There’s a little garden at the north end of the trailer, Rommie. Can you find a couple of good-looking lettuces?’ ‘I think I can handle that.’ ‘John, let’s get the meat into the fridge. As for you, Michael . . . ‘ She pointed to the barbecue. ‘The briquets are the self-lighting kind just drop a match and stand back. Do your duty.’ ‘Aye, good lady,’ I said, and dropped to my knees in front of her. That finally got a giggle out of Ki. Laughing, Mattie took my hand and pulled me back onto my feet. You read "Bag of Bones CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE" in category "Essay examples" ‘Come on, Sir Galahad,’ she said. ‘It’s going to rain. I want to be safe inside and too stuffed to jump when it does.’ In the city, parties begin with greetings at the door, gathered-in coats, and those peculiar little air-kisses (when, exactly, did that social oddity begin?). In the country, they begin with chores. You fetch, you carry, you hunt for stuff like barbecue tongs and oven mitts. The hostess drafts a couple of men to move the picnic table, then decides it was actually better where it was and asks them to put it back. And at some point you discover that you’re having fun. I piled briquets until they looked approximately like the pyramid on the bag, then touched a match to them. They blazed up satisfyingly and I stood back, wiping my forearm across my forehead. Cool and clear might be coming, but it surely wasn’t in hailing distance yet. The sun had burned through and the day had gone from dull to dazzling, yet in the west black-satin thunderheads continued to stack up. It was as if night had burst a blood-vessel in the sky over there. ‘Mike?’ I looked around at Kyra. ‘What, honey?’ ‘Will you take care of me?’ ‘Yes,’ I said with no hesitation at all. For a moment something about my response perhaps only the quickness of it seemed to trouble her. Then she smiled. ‘Okay,’ she said. ‘Look, here comes the ice-man!’ George was back from the store. He parked and got out. I walked over with Kyra, she holding my hand and swinging it possessively back and forth. Rommie came with us, juggling three heads of lettuce I didn’t think he was much of a threat to the guy who had fascinated Ki on the common Saturday night. George opened the Altima’s back door and brought out two bags of ice. ‘The store was closed,’ he said. ‘Sign said WILL RE-OPEN AT 5 P.M. That seemed a little too long to wait, so I took the ice and put the money through the mail-slot.’ They’d closed for Royce Merrill’s funeral, of course. Had given up almost a full day’s custom at the height of the tourist season to see the old fellow into the ground. It was sort of touching. I thought it was also sort of creepy. ‘Can I carry some ice?’ Kyra asked. ‘I guess, but don’t frizzicate yourself,’ George said, and carefully put a five-pound bag of ice into Ki’s outstretched arms. ‘Frizzicate,’ Kyra said, giggling. She began walking toward the trailer, where Mattie was just coming out. John was behind her and regarding her with the eyes of a gutshot beagle. ‘Mommy, look! I’m frizzicating!’ I took the other bag. ‘I know the icebox is outside, but don’t they keep a padlock on it?’ ‘I am friends with most padlocks,’ George said. ‘Oh. I see.’ ‘Mike! Catch!’ John tossed a red Frisbee. It floated toward me, but high. I jumped for it, snagged it, and suddenly Devore was back in my head: What’s wrong with you, Rogette? You never used to throw like a girl Get him! I looked down and saw Ki looking up. ‘Don’t think about sad stuff,’ she said. I smiled at her, then flipped her the Frisbee. ‘Okay, no sad stuff. Go on, sweetheart. Toss it to your mom. Let’s see if you can.’ She smiled back, turned, and made a quick, accurate flip to her mother the toss was so hard that Mattie almost flubbed it. Whatever else Kyra Devore might have been, she was a Frisbee champion in the making. Mattie tossed the Frisbee to George, who turned, the tail of his absurd brown suitcoat flaring, and caught it deftly behind his back. Mattie laughed and applauded, the hem of her top flirting with her navel. ‘Showoff!’ John called from the steps. ‘Jealousy is such an ugly emotion,’ George said to Rommie Bissonette, and flipped him the Frisbee. Rommie floated it back to John, but it went wide and bonked off the side of the trailer. As John hurried down the steps to get it, Mattie turned to me. ‘My boombox is on the coffee-table in the living room, along with a stack of CDs. Most of them are pretty old, but at least it’s music. Will you bring them out?’ ‘Sure.’ I went inside, where it was hot in spite of three strategically placed fans working overtime. I looked at the grim, mass-produced furniture, and at Mattie’s rather noble effort to impart some character: the van Gogh print that should not have looked at home in a trailer kitchenette but did, Edward Hopper’s Nighthawks over the sofa, the tie-dyed curtains that would have made Jo laugh. There was a bravery here that made me sad for her and furious at Max Devore all over again. Dead or not, I wanted to kick his ass. I went into the living room and saw the new Mary Higgins Clark on the sofa end-table with a bookmark sticking out of it. Lying beside it in a heap were a couple of little-girl hair ribbons something about them looked familiar to me, although I couldn’t remember ever having seen Ki wearing them. I stood there a moment longer, frowning, then grabbed the boombox and CDs and went back outside. ‘Hey, guys,’ I said. ‘Let’s rock.’ I was okay until she danced. I don’t know if it matters to you, but it does to me. I was okay until she danced. After that I was lost. We took the Frisbee around to the rear of the house, partly so we wouldn’t piss off any funeral-bound townies with our rowdiness and good cheer, mostly because Mattie’s back yard was a good place to play level ground and low grass. After a couple of missed catches, Mattie kicked off her party-shoes, dashed barefoot into the house, and came back in her sneakers. After that she was a lot better. We threw the Frisbee, yelled insults at each other, drank beer, laughed a lot. Ki wasn’t much on the catching part, but she had a phenomenal arm for a kid of three and played with gusto. Rommie had set the boombox up on the trailer’s back step, and it spun out a haze of late-eighties and early-nineties music: U2, Tears for Fears, the Eurythmics, Crowded House, A Flock of Seagulls, Ah-Hah, the Bangles, Melissa Etheridge, Huey Lewis and the News. It seemed to me that I knew every song, every riff. We sweated and sprinted in the noon light. We watched Mattie’s long, tanned legs flash and listened to the bright runs of Kyra’s laughter. At one point Rommie Bissonette went head over heels, all the change spilling out of his pockets, and John laughed until he had to sit down. Tears rolled from his eyes. Ki ran over and plopped on his defenseless lap. John stopped laughing in a hurry. ‘Ooofl’ he cried, looking at me with shining, wounded eyes as his bruised balls no doubt tried to climb back inside his body. ‘Kyra Devore!’ Mattie cried, looking at John apprehensively. ‘I taggled my own quartermack,’ Ki said proudly. John smiled feebly at her and staggered to his feet. ‘Yes,’ he said. ‘You did. And the ref calls fifteen yards for squashing.’ ‘Are you okay, man?’ George asked. He looked concerned, but his voice was grinning. ‘I’m fine,’ John said, and spun him the Frisbee. It wobbled feebly across the yard. ‘Go on, throw. Let’s see whatcha got.’ The thunder rumbled louder, but the black clouds were all still west of us; the sky overhead remained a harmless humid blue. Birds still sang and crickets hummed in the grass. There was a heat-shimmer over the barbecue, and it would soon be time to slap on John’s New York steaks. The Frisbee still flew, red against the green of the grass and trees, the blue of the sky. I was still in lust, but everything was still all right men are in lust all over the world and damned near all of the time, and the icecaps don’t melt. But she danced, and everything changed. It was an old Don Henley song, one driven by a really nasty guitar riff. ‘Oh God, I love this one,’ Mattie cried. The Frisbee came to her. She caught it, dropped it, stepped on it as if it were a hot red spot falling on a nightclub stage, and began to shake. She put her hands first behind her neck and then on her hips and then behind her back. She danced standing with the toes of her sneakers on the Frisbee. She danced without moving. She danced as they say in that song like a wave on the ocean. ‘The government bugged the men’s room in the local disco lounge, And all she wants to do is dance, dance . . . To keep the boys from selling all the weapons they can scrounge, And all she wants to do, all she wants to do is dance.’ Women are sexy when they dance incredibly sexy but that wasn’t what I reacted to, or how I reacted. The lust I was coping with, but this was more than lust, and not copeable. It was something that sucked the wind out of me and left me feeling utterly at her mercy. In that moment she was the most beautiful thing I had ever seen, not a pretty woman in shorts and a middy top dancing in place on a Frisbee, but Venus revealed. She was everything I had missed during the last four years, when I’d been so badly off I didn’t know I was missing anything. She robbed me of any last defenses I might have had. The age difference didn’t matter. If I looked to people like my tongue was hanging out even when my mouth was shut, then so be it. If I lost my dignity, my pride, my sense of self, then so be it. Four years on my own had taught me there are worse things to lose. How long did she stand there, dancing? I don’t know. Probably not long, not even a minute, and then she realized we were looking at her, rapt because to some degree they all saw what I saw and felt what I felt. For that minute or however long it was, I don’t think any of us used much oxygen. She stepped off the Frisbee, laughing and blushing at the same time, confused but not really uncomfortable. ‘I’m sorry,’ she said. ‘I just . . . I love that song.’ ‘All she wants to do is dance,’ Rommie said. ‘Yes, sometimes that’s all she wants,’ Mattie said, and blushed harder than ever. ‘Excuse me, I have to use the facility.’ She tossed me the Frisbee and then dashed for the trailer. I took a deep breath, trying to steady myself back to reality, and saw John doing the same thing. George Kennedy was wearing a mildly stunned expression, as if someone had fed him a light sedative and it was finally taking effect. Thunder rumbled. This time it did sound closer. I skimmed the Frisbee to Rommie. ‘What do you think?’ ‘I think I’m in love,’ he said, and then seemed to give himself a small mental shake it was a thing you could see in his eyes. ‘I also think it’s time we got going on those steaks if we’re going to eat outside. Want to help me?’ ‘Sure.’ ‘I will, too,’ John said. We walked back to the trailer, leaving George and Kyra to play toss. Kyra was asking George if he had ever caught any crinimals. In the kitchen, Mattie was standing beside the open fridge and stacking steaks on a platter. ‘Thank God you guys came in. I was on the point of giving up and gobbling one of these just the way it is. They’re the most beautiful things I ever saw.’ ‘You’re the most beautiful thing I ever saw,’ John said. He was being totally sincere, but the smile she gave him was distracted and a little bemused. I made a mental note to myself: never compliment a woman on her beauty when she has a couple of raw steaks in her hands. It just doesn’t turn the windmill somehow. ‘How are you at barbecuing meat?’ she asked me. ‘Tell the truth, because these are way too good to mess up.’ ‘I can hold my own.’ ‘Okay, you’re hired. John, you’re assisting. Rommie, help me do salads.’ ‘My pleasure.’ George and Ki had come around to the front of the trailer and were now sitting in lawn-chairs like a couple of old cronies at their London club. George was telling Ki how he had shot it out with Rolfe Nedeau and the Real Bad Gang on Lisbon Street in 1993. ‘George, what’s happening to your nose?’ John asked. ‘It’s getting so long.’ ‘Do you mind?’ George asked. ‘I’m having a conversation here.’ ‘Mr. Kennedy has caught lots of crooked crinimals,’ Kyra said. ‘He caught the Real Bad Gang and put them in Supermax.’ ‘Yes,’ I said. ‘Mr. Kennedy also won an Academy Award for acting in a movie called Cool Hand Luke.’ ‘That’s absolutely correct,’ George said. He raised his right hand and crossed the two fingers. ‘Me and Paul Newman. Just like that.’ ‘We have his pusgetti sauce,’ Ki said gravely, and that got John laughing again. It didn’t hit me the same way, but laughter is catching; just watching John was enough to break me up after a few seconds. We were howling like a couple of fools as we slapped the steaks on the grill. It’s a wonder we didn’t burn our hands off. ‘Why are they laughing?’ Ki asked George. ‘Because they’re foolish men with little tiny brains,’ George said. ‘Now listen, Ki I got them all except for the Human Headcase. He jumped into his car and I jumped into mine. The details of that chase are nothing for a little girl to hear ‘ George regaled her with them anyway while John and I stood grinning at each other across Mattie’s barbecue. ‘This is great, isn’t it?’ John said, and I nodded. Mattie came out with corn wrapped in aluminum foil, followed by Rommie, who had a large salad bowl clasped in his arms and negotiated the steps carefully, trying to peer over the top of the bowl as he made his way down them. We sat at the picnic table, George and Rommie on one side, John and I flanking Mattie on the other. Ki sat at the head, perched on a stack of old magazines in a lawn-chair. Mattie tied a dishtowel around her neck, an indignity Ki submitted to only because (a) she was wearing new clothes, and (b) a dishtowel wasn’t a baby-bib, at least technically speaking. We ate hugely salad, steak (and John was right, it really was the best I’d ever had), roasted corn on the cob, ‘strewberry snortcake’ for dessert. By the time we’d gotten around to the snortcake, the thunderheads were noticeably closer and there was a hot, jerky breeze blowing around the yard. ‘Mattie, if I never eat a meal as good as this one again, I won’t be surprised,’ Rommie said. ‘Thanks ever so much for having me.’ ‘Thank you,’ she said. There were tears standing in her eyes. She took my hand on one side and John’s on the other. She squeezed both. ‘Thank you all. If you knew what things were like for Ki and me before this last week . . . ‘ She shook her head, gave John and me a final squeeze, and let go. ‘But that’s over.’ ‘Look at the baby,’ George said, amused. Ki had slumped back in her lawn-chair and was looking at us with glazing eyes. Most of her hair had come out of the scrunchy and lay in clumps against her cheeks. There was a dab of whipped cream on her nose and a single yellow kernel of corn sitting in the middle of her chin. ‘I threw the Frisbee six fousan times,’ Kyra said. She spoke in a distant, declamatory tone. ‘I tired.’ Mattie started to get up. I put my hand on her arm. ‘Let me?’ She nodded, smiling. ‘If you want.’ I picked Kyra up and carried her around to the steps. Thunder rumbled again, a long, low roll that sounded like the snarl of a huge dog. I looked up at the encroaching clouds, and as I did, movement caught my eye. It was an old blue car heading west on Wasp Hill Road toward the lake. The only reason I noticed it was that it was wearing one of those stupid bumper-stickers from the Village Cafe: HORN BROKEN WATCH FOR FINGER. I carried Ki up the steps and through the door, turning her so I wouldn’t bump her head. ‘Take care of me,’ she said in her sleep. There was a sadness in her voice that chilled me. It was as if she knew she was asking the impossible. ‘Take care of me, I’m little, Mama says I’m a little guy.’ ‘I’ll take care of you,’ I said, and kissed that silky place between her eyes again. ‘Don’t worry, Ki, go to sleep.’ I carried her to her room and put her on her bed. By then she was totally conked out. I wiped the cream off her nose and picked the corn-kernel off her chin. I glanced at my watch and saw it was ten ’til two. They would be gathering at Grace Baptist by now. Bill Dean was wearing a gray tie. Buddy Jellison had a hat on. He was standing behind the church with some other men who were smoking before going inside. I turned. Mattie was in the doorway. ‘Mike,’ she said. ‘Come here, please.’ I went to her. There was no cloth between her waist and my hands this time. Her skin was warm, and as silky as her daughter’s. She looked up at me, her lips parted. Her hips pressed forward, and when she felt what was hard down there, she pressed harder against it. ‘Mike,’ she said again. I closed my eyes. I felt like someone who has just come to the doorway of a brightly lit room full of people laughing and talking. And dancing. Because sometimes that is all we want to do. I want to come in, I thought. That’s what I want to do, all I want to do. Let me do what I want. Let me I realized I was saying it aloud, whispering it rapidly into her ear as I held her with my hands going up and down her back, my fingertips ridging her spine, touching her shoulderblades, then coming around in front to cup her small breasts. ‘Yes,’ she said. ‘What we both want. Yes. That’s fine.’ Slowly, she reached up with her thumbs and wiped the wet places from under my eyes. I drew back from her. ‘The key ‘ She smiled a little. ‘You know where it is.’ ‘I’ll come tonight.’ ‘Good.’ ‘I’ve been . . . ‘ I had to clear my throat. I looked at Kyra, who was deeply asleep. ‘I’ve been lonely. I don’t think I knew it, but I have been.’ ‘Me too. And I knew it for both of us. Kiss, please.’ I kissed her. I think our tongues touched, but I’m not sure. What I remember most clearly is the liveness of her. She was like a dreidel lightly spinning in my arms. ‘Hey!’ John called from outside, and we sprang apart. ‘You guys want to give us a little help? It’s gonna rain!’ ‘Thanks for finally making up your mind,’ she said to me in a low voice. She turned and hurried back up the doublewide’s narrow corridor. The next time she spoke to me, I don’t think she knew who she was talking to, or where she was. The next time she spoke to me, she was dying. ‘Don’t wake the baby,’ I heard her tell John, and his response: ‘Oh, sorry, sorry.’ I stood where I was a moment longer, getting my breath, then slipped into the bathroom and splashed cold water on my face. I remember seeing a blue plastic whale in the bathtub as I turned to take a towel off the rack. I remember thinking that it probably blew bubbles out of its spout-hole, and I even remember having a momentary glimmer of an idea a children’s story about a spouting whale. Would you call him Willie? Nah, too obvious. Wilhelm, now that had a fine round ring to it, simultaneously grand and amusing. Wilhelm the Spouting Whale. I remember the bang of thunder from overhead. I remember how happy I was, with the decision finally made and the night to look forward to. I remember the murmur of men’s voices and the murmur of Mattie’s response as she told them where to put the stuff. Then I heard all of them going back out again. I looked down at myself and saw a certain lump was subsiding. I remember thinking there was nothing so absurd-looking as a sexually excited man and knew I’d had this same thought before, perhaps in a dream. I left the bathroom, checked on Kyra again rolled over on her side, fast asleep and then went down the hall. I had just reached the living room when gunfire erupted outside. I never confused the sound with thunder. There was a moment when my mind fumbled toward the idea of backfires some kid’s hotrod and then I knew. Part of me had been expecting something to happen . . . but it had been expecting ghosts rather than gunfire. A fatal lapse. It was the rapid pah! pah! pah! of an auto-fire weapon a Glock nine-millimeter, as it turned out. Mattie screamed a high, drilling scream that froze my blood. I heard John cry out in pain and George Kennedy bellow, ‘Down, down! For the love of Christ, get her down!’ Something hit the trailer like a hard spatter of hail a rattle of punching sounds running from west to east. Something split the air in front of my eyes I heard it. There was an almost-musical sproing sound, like a snapping guitar string. On the kitchen table, the salad bowl one of them had just brought in shattered. I ran for the door and nearly dived down the cement-block steps. I saw the barbecue overturned, with the glowing coals already setting patches of the scant front-yard grass on fire. I saw Rommie Bissonette sitting with his legs outstretched, looking stupidly down at his ankle, which was soaked with blood. Mattie was on her hands and knees by the barbecue with her hair hanging in her face it was as if she meant to sweep up the hot coals before they could cause some real trouble. John staggered toward me, holding out a hand. The arm above it was soaked with blood. And I saw the car I’d seen before the nondescript sedan with the joke sticker on it. It had gone up the road the men inside making that first pass to check us out then turned around and come back. The shooter was still leaning out the front passenger window. I could see the stubby smoking weapon in his hands. It had a wire stock. His features were a blue blank broken only by huge gaping eyesockets a ski-mask. Overhead, thunder gave a long, awakening roar. George Kennedy was walking toward the car, not hurrying, kicking hot spilled coals out of his way as he went, not bothering about the dark-red stain that was spreading on the right thigh of his pants, reaching behind himself, not hurrying even when the shooter pulled back in and shouted ‘Go go go!’ at the driver, who was also wearing a blue mask, George not hurrying, no, not hurrying a bit, and even before I saw the pistol in his hand, I knew why he had never taken off his absurd Pa Kettle suit jacket, why he had even played Frisbee in it. The blue car (it turned out to be a 1987 Ford registered to Mrs. Sonia Belliveau of Auburn and reported stolen the day before) had pulled over onto the shoulder and had never really stopped rolling. Now it accelerated, spewing dry brown dust out from under its rear tires, fishtailing, knocking Mattie’s RFD box off its post and sending it flying into the road. George still didn’t hurry. He brought his hands together, holding his gun with his right and steadying with his left. He squeezed off five deliberate shots. The first two went into the trunk I saw the holes appear. The third blew in the back window of the departing Ford, and I heard someone shout in pain. The fourth went I don’t know where. The fifth blew the left rear tire. The Ford veered to that side. The driver almost brought it back, then lost it completely. The car ploughed into the ditch thirty yards below Mattie’s trailer and rolled over on its side. There was a whumpf! and the rear end was engulfed in flames. One of George’s shots must have hit the gas-tank. The shooter began struggling to get out through the passenger window. ‘Ki . . . get Ki . . . away . . . ‘ A hoarse, whispering voice. Mattie was crawling toward me. One side of her head the right side still looked all right, but the left side was a ruin. One dazed blue eye peered out from between clumps of bloody hair. Skull-fragments littered her tanned shoulder like bits of broken crockery. How I would love to tell you I don’t remember any of this, how I would love to have someone else tell you that Michael Noonan died before he saw that, but I cannot. Alas is the word for it in the crossword puzzles, a four-letter word meaning to express great sorrow. ‘Ki . . . Mike, get Ki . . . ‘ I knelt and put my arms around her. She struggled against me. She was young and strong, and even with the gray matter of her brain bulging through the broken wall of her skull she struggled against me, crying for her daughter, wanting to reach her and protect her and get her to safety. ‘Mattie, it’s all right,’ I said. Down at the Grace Baptist Church, at the far end of the zone I was in, they were singing ‘Blessed Assurance’ . . . but most of their eyes were as blank as the eye now peering at me through the tangle of bloody hair. ‘Mattie, stop, rest, it’s all right.’ ‘Ki . . . get Ki . . . don’t let them . . . ‘ ‘They won’t hurt her, Mattie, I promise.’ She slid against me, slippery as a fish, and screamed her daughter’s name, holding out her bloody hands toward the trailer. The rose-colored shorts and top had gone bright red. Blood spattered the grass as she thrashed and pulled. From down the hill there was a guttural explosion as the Ford’s gas-tank exploded. Black smoke rose toward a black sky. Thunder roared long and loud, as if the sky were saying You want noise? Yeah? I’ll give you noise. ‘Say Mattie’s all right, Mike!’ John cried in a wavering voice. ‘Oh for God’s sake say she’s ‘ He dropped to his knees beside me, his eyes rolling up until nothing showed but the whites. He reached for me, grabbed my shoulder, then tore damned near half my shirt off as he lost his battle to stay conscious and fell on his side next to Mattie. A curd of white goo bubbled from one corner of his mouth. Twelve feet away, near the overturned barbecue, Rommie was trying to get on his feet, his teeth clenched in pain. George was standing in the middle of Wasp Hill Road, reloading his gun from a pouch he’d apparently had in his coat pocket and watching as the shooter worked to get clear of the overturned car before it was engulfed. The entire right leg of George’s pants was red now. He may live but he’ll never wear that suit again, I thought. I held Mattie. I put my face down to hers, put my mouth to the ear that was still there and said: ‘Kyra’s okay. She’s sleeping. She’s fine, I promise.’ Mattie seemed to understand. She stopped straining against me and collapsed to the grass, trembling all over. ‘Ki . . . Ki . . . ‘ This was the last of her talking on earth. One of her hands reached out blindly, groped at a tuft of grass, and yanked it out. ‘Over here,’ I heard George saying. ‘Get over here, motherfuck, don’t you even think about turning your back on me.’ ‘How bad is she?’ Rommie asked, hobbling over. His face was as white as paper. And before I could reply: ‘Oh Jesus. Holy Mary Mother of God, pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death. Blessed be the fruit of thy womb Jesus. Oh Mary born without sin, pray for us who have recourse to Thee. Oh no, oh Mike, no.’ He began again, this time lapsing into Lewiston street-French, what the old folks call La Parle. ‘Quit it,’ I said, and he did. It was as if he had only been waiting to be told. ‘Go inside and check on Kyra. Can you?’ ‘Yes.’ He started toward the trailer, holding his leg and lurching along. With each lurch he gave a high yip of pain, but somehow he kept going. I could smell burning tufts of grass. I could smell electric rain on a rising wind. And under my hands I could feel the light spin of the dreidel slowing down as she went. I turned her over, held her in my arms, and rocked her back and forth. At Grace Baptist the minister was now reading Psalm 139 for Royce: If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me, even the night shall be light. The minister was reading and the Martians were listening. I rocked her back and forth in my arms under the black thunderheads. I was supposed to come to her that night, use the key under the pot and come to her. She had danced with the toes of her white sneakers on the red Frisbee, had danced like a wave on the ocean, and now she was dying in my arms while the grass burned in little clumps and the man who had fancied her as much as I had lay unconscious beside her, his right arm painted red from the short sleeve of his WE ARE THE CHAMPIONS tee-shirt all the way down to his bony, freckled wrist. ‘Mattie,’ I said. ‘Mattie, Mattie, Mattie.’ I rocked her and smoothed my hand across her forehead, which on the right side was miraculously unsplattered by the blood that had drenched her. Her hair fell over the ruined left side of her face. ‘Mattie,’ I said. ‘Mattie, Mattie, oh Mattie.’ Lightning flashed the first stroke I had seen. It lit the western sky in a bright blue arc. Mattie trembled strongly in my arms all the way from neck to toes she trembled. Her lips pressed together. Her brow furrowed, as if in concentration. Her hand came up and seemed to grab for the back of my neck, as a person falling from a cliff may grasp blindly at anything to hold on just a little longer. Then it fell away and lay limply on the grass, palm up. She trembled once more the whole delicate weight of her trembled in my arms and then she was still. How to cite Bag of Bones CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE, Essay examples

Measuring Top Incomes Using Tax Record Data -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Measuring Top Incomes Using Tax Record Data? Answer: Introduction The present case study is based on the ascertainemt of the residential status of Minh relating to the income tax purpose. Additionally, the case study will be determining the residential status effecting the assessment of income derived from Malaysian and the income from investment in Australia. The case study of Minh opens with the station the situation that the Minh was born in Malaysia and carried out her business activities. In the later part of June 2016, she was granted with the Visa of working in Australia and she arrived with her family with the probable of intention of eventually migrating and starting a business. An instance was noticed where Minh bought a home in Melbourne and resided with her partner and children with her children being enrolled in the local school of Melbourne. As the general jurisdictional rule stated under section 6-5 (2), (6-10 (4) of the ITAA 1997 residents are generally assessed on based on the ordinary income and statutory income derived from all the sources (Woellner et al. 2016). Accordingly as stated under section 6-5 (3) (a) and 6-10 (5) (a) of the ITAA 1997 a foreign resident or non-resident of Australia are assessed based on their ordinary and statutory income generated from the Australian sources. According to the definition stated under the section 995-1 of the ITAA 1997 and under section 6-(1) of the ITAA 1997 a resident or Australian resident for taxation purpose represents an individual residing in Australia and comprises of the person that has the domicile in Australia (Barkoczy 2016). An Australian resident represent a resident that has been living in Australia either constantly or intermittently for more than half of the income year unless the officer of taxation is content that the persons usual place of residence is out of Australia and has no intent of taking up the residence in Australia (Vann 2016). In order to determine the domiciliary position of Minh three alternative test will be conducted as to whether Minh will be treated as Australian resident for taxation purpose; these alternatives test includes Residency test according to ordinary concepts Domicile test The 183 day test Resides Test according to ordinary concepts: The first test that is conducted in determining the residential status of an individual is whether an individual Resides in Australia (Barkoczy 2017). On satisfying, the test there is no further need of conducting any further test for assessing the domiciliary position of an individual. On satisfying the Resides test, the person will be regarded as the resident of Australia for the purpose of tax. The term Reside represent to live permanently or for a considerable period. The question relating to fact and degree is explained in the case of Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Miller (1946) where the question of fact and extent is reliant on the circumstances of case (Tan, Braithwaite and Reinhar 2016). The Reside Test takes into the consideration the quality and the character of a persons actions at the time when the person was present in Australia. Additionally taxation ruling of TR 98/17 in determining the residential status of an individual under the Resides Test takes into the acco unt; The taxpayers usual purpose and intention of presence in Australia The business and family ties of the taxpayer in Australia Looking after and location of the taxpayers assets. The taxpayers communal and physical arrangement Time until when the taxpayer was physically present in Australia also forms the relevant factor in determining the residential status however the time period cannot be regarded as the detrimental factor (Braithwaite 2017). As evident from the case study of Minh, migrated to Australia eventually with the intention of probably migrating and commencing her business activities. It was noted that she bought a home in Melbourne where she resided with her partner and children. As held in the case of Macrea v Macrea (1949) a migrant that settles with the family in Australia would be generally regarded as living in Australia from the date of the individuals arrival in Australia (Davis et al. 2015). Notwithstanding of the fact that the persons business or personal interest may need he or she to be absent from Australia for an extended period. For instance an individual migrating to Australia with his wife and children and bought a home in Australia. The individual retains the business in his nation of origin an often returns to the country of origin for carrying out the business activities for 2 or 3 months in a year (Saad 2014). Ordinarily the person would be regarded to be living in Australia in spite of the o verseas absence. Similarly, in the case of Minh she has migrated from Malaysia to Australia and has purchased a home in Melbourne where she resided with her partner and children. She returns to Kuala Lumpur for carrying out the business activities. Minh will not be treated as residence in respect of the ordinary concepts for the income year 2016-17 since she has not taken up the residence permanently. The residency status of Minh and her children is an independent and separate matter. Domicile Test: Domicile is determined in respect of the Domicile Act 1982. An individual is regarded as the Australian resident given their domicile or place of abode is Australia (Miller and Oats 2016). An individual is not considered to be an Australian resident only under the circumstances when the officer is content that the individual place of residence is out of Australia. Domicile relating to choice of country represents the circumstances where the taxpayer intends to make their home indefinitely. As evident from the current case study of Minh, she has the permanent place of abode outside of Australia in Malaysia however; she originally migrated from Malaysia to Australia with eventual intention of residing in Australia until further notice and commencing her business. She even bought a home in Melbourne and her duration or continuity of presence in overseas country was broken intermittently (Mihaylov et al. 2015). Citing the reference of FCT v Applegate (1979) Minh has not abandoned any of her home or place of dwelling in Australia and returns to Australia after carrying out her business in Malaysia. According to the decision stated by the court in the case of Henderson v Henderson (1965), an individual maintains the domicile of the country of his or her origin except an individual obtains a home in another country (Burton and Karlinsky 2016.). Taking into the considerations the instances obtained from the current case study it can be stated that Minh is not an Australian occupant for tax purpose in respect of the Domicile Act 1982. Importantly, it would appear that they are Australian resident but the residency status of Minh and her children are independent during the income year 2016-17. Because of this, she cannot be held resident for taxation purpose under the domicile test. Additionally, she has no intent of taking up the residency in Australia. The 183-day Test: An individual under the 183 days test is regarded as the Australian occupant if the individual has actually be present in Australia either continually or in breaks for more than one half of the income year (Davison, Monotti and Wiseman 2015). An exception to this rule is that a person will not be considered as the Australian resident if the individual satisfies the commissioner of taxation that if, his normal place of dwelling is out of Australia and has no purpose of taking up the residency of Australia. The 183 days test is helpful in determining whether an individual has commenced living in Australia. As evident from the current situation of Minh, it is noticed that she has only spend 120 days in Australia. An individual is regarded as the Australian resident given the person has successfully met the criteria of 183 days and meets the definition of the resident in respect to the subsection 6 (1) of the ITAA 1997. However, an important assertion can be bought forward by stating that a person under the 183 days test is only regarded to hold as resident if an individual has been present and living in Australia for more than six months of the year of income (Grudnoff 2015). Minh in this aspect has not been presented in Australia for more one half of the income and as result of this for the year 2016-17 she cannot be regarded as resident of Australia for the purpose of tax. On a conclusive note, an assertion can be bought forward by stating that Minh residency will be considered as separate and independent matter. She cannot be considered as Australian resident for taxation purpose since she has not met the criteria of Resident in terms of the ordinary concept, domicile test and 183 days test. More importantly the residency status of Minh is independent and distinct subject. According to the judgement stated in the case of Nathan v FCT (1918) in determining the original source of income is regarded as practical and hard matter of fact (Evans, Minas and Lim 2015). Referring to the judgement of federal court in United Aircraft Corp (1943), a business income constitute where the business is transacted or the place where the goods are sold. As evident from the present situation of Minh, it is evident that she is not an Australian resident for taxation purpose during the income year of 2016-17. Minh is regarded to be foreign occupant since the behaviour relating to the time spent in Australia fails to reflect the extent of continuity, routine or habit, which is consistent with being an Australian resident. The income derived from the Malaysian business will be subjected to tax including the tax rates and the withholding amount (Burkhauser, Hahn and Wilkins 2015). Minh being a foreign a resident will be required to lodge the annual Australian income tax return for the investment income derived in Australia from the Australian source. The current case study is associated with the determination of the alternatives arising out of the proceeds from the sale of the town house that could be held for assessment in respect of the ITAA. The case study introduces the situation where the Jack has inherited a small family land that was located in Melbourne. Jack undertook the decision of retirement from the farm business. With his children, having no interest in farming business Jack decides to engage in the discussion with accountant who further provided Jack with advice of selling the farm to the property. Following the meeting with the property developer Jack was advised to cease the activities of farming and should subdivide the land. He undertook the decision of subdividing the land commence construction of houses, which could be sold. Following the completion of the Building Jack engaged with the real estate agent and sold the twenty houses and made a profit of $300,000 from each of the houses. Several instances have been noticed where the landowners have the opportunity of subdividing and selling the land that was owned by them for a very long period (Carling 2015). The usually takes place where the primary producers owns the land on the outskirts of the urban areas and the expansion in the residential represents that the proper use of land is for the purpose of residential rather than using the land for farming purpose. On certain circumstances the activities of property, development undertaken by the owners is regarded very substantial since it possess the prospect of deriving large amount of profit from the project. Important considerations must be paid to the circumstances where a small to medium subdivision might qualify as the mere realization of the land and when the project may turn out to be a profit making undertaking or business (Jacob 2016). In the circumstances where an individual owns the land, which is suitable for development, would want to make sure that, the profit that is derived from activities of development is held as capital account. The landowner under such circumstances can undertake the decision of selling the entire property to the developer. As held by the federal law court in the event of Westfield Limited v Commissioner of Taxation (1991), a lone sale of the asset that is not bought for the purpose of resale at profit or development would meet the requirements of being held as the capital receipt (Hail, Sikes and Wang 2017). As evident in the current situation of Jack subdividing the land that was used for farming and building houses for selling them holds the substantial relation of deriving large amount of profit from the project. However, there are certain alternatives where the proceeds from the sale of town houses could be assessed under ITAA (Chardon, Freudenberg and Brimble 2016). In respect to the current case study of Jack there are certain alternatives based on which the proceeds from the sale of subdivided land could be held for assessment under the Income tax assessment act are as follows; The subdivision and the sale of land might qualify as the mere realization of the capital asset. The scale of business might be in such manner that it may constitute carrying on of a business of property development by the taxpayer (Tax 2015). The development might go beyond the concept of mere realization of land but may shortfall of the requirements of carrying on of a business. In such a situation, it would be characterised as the profit making undertaking or scheme. As evident from the current case study of Jack, the three alternatives has been demonstrated above that could be put into use to determine the assessment of the sale of town house by Jack under the provision of ITAA. In context to the alternatives mere realization of capital asset is applicable on Jack since the property was subdivided and sold by the Jack in 20 lots. The judgement of federal court in Allied Pastoral Holdings v FC of T (1983) has defined the circumstances of mere realisation of asset (Coleman and Sadiq 2013). Several authorities have affirmed that the taxpayer having land constitute a capital asset and development of land in an enterprising manner could consider the profit derived from land as the mere realization of the capital asset given the development is not more than the mere realization of the capital asset. Prior to embarking on the detailed analysis of present situation of Jack in establishing that the building of house on farm land is a mere realisation it is necessary to determine whether Jack has acquired the farm land for the purpose of resale at profit or development (Kenny 2013). Therefore, the income generated from the sale of land would be held assessable as ordinary income notwithstanding of the sale of property. Therefore at the time of advising Jack relating to the above stated issue it is necessary to determine whether there are any evidences of profit making intention at the time of acquisition. The taxpayer in the instance of Reiger v Commissioner of taxation confronts the same problem of mere realisation of capital asset (Krever, 2013). An argument was bought forward by the taxpayer where the acquisition of land was for conducting the palm nursery. As the matter of fact that taxpayer planted some palm trees on the land but did not went around in the form of business manner. The declaration of intention relating to the subdivision of land was regarded fatal in the argument put forward by the taxpayer where it stated that their purpose was to establish business on the property. The taxation ruling of 92/3 states the views of the Australian taxation office where the courts have considered the issues in ascertaining whether an individual taxpayer who has undertaken the activity of land development constitute a mere realisation or have embarked on the profit making undertaking. The principle of mere realisation is stated in the Californian Cooper Syndicates v Harris (1904) (Morgan, Mortimer and Pinto 2013). A well-defined principle has been stated related to the determination of income tax where the taxpayer ordinary investment decides to realise the land and derive a higher price for land then the taxpayer has initially attained it. The higher price is not a profit based on the provision of SD of the ITAA 1982 taxable under income tax. Citing the reference of Westfield Limited v Commissioner of Taxation the court ruled that as soon as it is evident that the action of purchase and sale resulted in profit does not constituted an activity under the ordinary course of business (Sadiq et al. 2014). Alternatively, an ordinary event arising out of other business activity the profit that is in question would be a part of assessable income in respect to ordinary concept given the taxpayer has the intent of making profit at the time of acquiring the property. The law court even went on to the extent of stating that even though the profit making objective might lack depth, the means of attaining the profit by the taxpayer could be an alternative through which the profit could be realised. The taxation ruling of 92/3 determines that a taxable profits originates given that the taxpayer enters into the transaction or by act of law with the objective of making income through one specific means but generates income through other means (Woellner 2013). The issue in the present case of Jack is whether the activities of land development that the landowner has undertaken possess the character of business processes or has the character of profitable transaction. As apparent from the approach undertaken by the Australian taxation office in the taxation ruling of TR 92/3, the ATO is largely reliant on the opinions stated under Miscellaneous Taxation Ruling of MT 2006/1. In ascertaining whether the factors profits generated by the taxpayer is from the one-off subdivision of land would constitute a mere realisation or profit deriving undertaking several factors have been stated by the ATO under MT 2006/1 that are as follows; Is any alternation in the purpose for which the land was held? Whether there is any arrangement of subdivision of land. The ATO states that not a single factor is decisive given there are other factors existent. Opinions may vary that subdivision of property into a small number of plots might constitute as the mere realisation of land. However, this is not the case at the time of applying alternative of mere realisation in the case of Jack. It is vital to appreciated the decision of court in the certain cases indicating that building of houses or land development consisting of several number of lots would still constitute a mere realisation. As held in Casimaty v F.C of T (1997) where the subdivision of farmland over 80 lots was regarded as mere realisation of the farmland (Woellner 2013). The court accepted that the property was used for farming for several years and the decision of subdivision was entirely because of the increasing debt and poor health of the taxpayer. Citing the example of McCorkell v F.C of T the court stated its verdict that subdivision of land that was earlier used as orchard would constitute a mere realisation of the property. Considerably the case of Statham v F.C of T (1989) a development of 105 lots beyond four stages was held nothing less than a mere realisation of the capital asset (Sadiq et al. 2014). In the current case of Jack, the land acquired by him and sold after a longer time it is very likely the subdivision and sale of twenty townhouse would be categorised as the mere realisation. The proceeds that are derived by Jack will be based on the capital account and not on the revenue account. Reference List: Barkoczy, S., 2016. Foundations of taxation law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Barkoczy, S., 2017. Core tax legislation and study guide.OUP Catalogue. Braithwaite, V. ed., 2017.Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Routledge. Burkhauser, R.V., Hahn, M.H. and Wilkins, R., 2015. Measuring top incomes using tax record data: A cautionary tale from Australia.The Journal of Economic Inequality,13(2), pp.181-205. Burton, H.A. and Karlinsky, S., 2016. Tax professionals' perception of large and mid-size business US tax law complexity.eJournal of Tax Research,14(1), p.61. Carling, R.G., 2015.Right or rort? Dissecting Australia's tax concessions. Centre for Independent Studies. Chardon, T., Freudenberg, B. and Brimble, M., 2016. Tax literacy in Australia: not knowing your deduction from your offset.Austl. Tax F.,31, p.321. Coleman, C. and Sadiq, K. (n.d.).Principles of taxation law 2013. Davis, A.K., Guenther, D.A., Krull, L.K. and Williams, B.M., 2015. Do socially responsible firms pay more taxes?.The accounting review,91(1), pp.47-68. Davison, M., Monotti, A. and Wiseman, L., 2015.Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge University Press. Evans, C., Minas, J. and Lim, Y., 2015. Taxing personal capital gains in Australia: an alternative way forward.Austl. Tax F.,30, p.735. Grudnoff, M., 2015. Top gears: How negative gearing and the capital gains tax discount benefit the top 10 per cent and drive up house prices. Hail, L., Sikes, S. and Wang, C., 2017. Cross-country evidence on the relation between capital gains taxes, risk, and expected returns.Journal of Public Economics,151, pp.56-73. Jacob, M., 2016. Tax regimes and capital gains realizations.European Accounting Review, pp.1-21. Kenny, P. (2013).Australian tax 2013. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Krever, R. (2013).Australian taxation law cases 2013. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters. Mihaylov, G., Tretola, J., Yawson, A. and Zurbruegg, R., 2015. Tax compliance behaviour in Australian self-managed superannuation funds. Miller, A. and Oats, L., 2016.Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C. and Pinto, D. (2013).A practical introduction to Australian taxation law. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Saad, N., 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, pp.1069-1075. Sadiq, K., Coleman, C., Hanegbi, R., Jogarajan, S., Krever, R., Obst, W. and Ting, A. (n.d.).Principles of taxation law 2014. Tan, L.M., Braithwaite, V. and Reinhart, M., 2016. Why do small business taxpayers stay with their practitioners? Trust, competence and aggressive advice.International Small Business Journal,34(3), pp.329-344. Tax, C.G., 2015. Capital Gains Tax.Newsletter. Vann, R., 2016. Hybrid Entities in Australia: Resource Capital Fund III LP Case. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law 2012. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. Australian Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogu

Ivan the Terrible and the Oprichnina (Crap) Essay Sample free essay sample

The Oprichnina was a policy which was set up by Ivan the Terrible. It involved using a figure of secret constabulary. who spread all around the countries which were under Ivan’s control. who looked to see if anyone would perpetrate lese majesty or attempt and dispute Ivan’s leading. Ivan created this program. chiefly because he was afraid that there would be people who would seek to acquire rid of Ivan’s enemies. Cardinal DEVELOPMENTS Creation of the OprichninaDuring 1564. Ivan the Terrible announced that he was close to renouncing. He left for a little town in Russia. where he isolated himself and sent a missive to the people of Russia. guaranting them that Ivan would still be under the regulation of Russia. While he was isolated. he came up with a program where he had complete control over Russia. and that he would use a particular group of people. called Oprichniki. We will write a custom essay sample on Ivan the Terrible and the Oprichnina (Crap) Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page who would travel around Russia seeking for treasonists. or people who he suspected would perpetrate lese majesty. The Council of Boyars agreed to the determination. The state was so divided in two. One portion belonged to Ivan. and it was under his regulation. and he was able to do regulations or do anything he liked with his will. The other portion of Muscovite Russia would be ruled under normal fortunes. by a Grand Prince. It was said that he pretended that he felt like renouncing. but truly. many people said that it was a fast one to individual out all the treasonists. so that governing his portion of Muscovite Russia would be easy. Effectss of the Oprichnina As portion of his Oprichnina. Ivan the Terrible needed to use people who he could swear to acquire rid of all treasonists and people who looked like a menace to his leading. Around 3000-6000 people were employed for this occupation. These people became known as Oprichniki. Many people were killed under Ivan’s regulation by Oprichnikis. Peoples were attacked in many different ways. such as being impaled. mutilated. whipped. or raped. Ivan besides built a palace where he tortured people for amusement. with keeps which held captives. waiting to be tortured. What makes this awful is that many people were killed innocently. or the Tsar created sham paperss which proved that they were guilty. However. that wasn’t every bit far as all the panic goes. In 1570. Ivan attacked the metropolis of Novgorod. believing that they were fall ining Lithuania to seek and take him down. Many historiographers believed that around 40 thousand people died on that twenty-four hours entirely in t hat event. Fall of the Oprichnina Despite the Oprichnina’s success in Ivan’s favor. the system still had its defects. The Oprichnikis stopped swearing each other. and they started turning on each other. which mean that Ivan the Terrible had to maintain looking for new replacings. Besides. after the slaughter at Novgorod. many people stopped swearing his system. and shortly plenty. Crimean Tartars start destructing Moscow. and after the onslaught. people started seeing what Ivan and his system of regulation have done to the state. Trade stopped from other states. and there was political pandemonium in Russia. Agriculture stopped inside Russia. The Crimean Tartars continued assailing. Soon. the whole system collapsed. The two subdivisions of the state which were separated before were rejoined under one state.

Free Essays on Evaluation

I have reviewed my speech and I am surprised that I did so well. I mean I got a 88 on my speech and that’s great for me. I was really nervous, and I thought that was my worst one but I guess not. I still see a lot of flaws in my speech. First I messed up the power point, but just for a second though. So I guess that wasn’t so bad. Then later on while I was giving the speech I totally forgot to bring up the power point when I was on a specific topic of the speech. Well all in all I thought that it wasn’t that bad because I remembered halfway through my sentence, so I kind of saved my self there. Second, my voice is still real slow and boring sounding but I can’t do nothing with I don’t think. I’ve been made fun of for as long as I can remember for having such a slow voice. I will try to spice it up a little bit but I doubt it, but I’ll try. I’m still real shy when I get in front of the class so that quiets and slows down my voice even more so I will try to get more courage the next time I am up there. Finally, I still hunch over when I’m up in front of the class. I need to work on my stance so more. Also I keep putting my hands in my pockets, I don’t even think about it when I do it. So now for the next I will work on standing straight and keeping my hands out of my pockets. I have reviewed my speech and I made it through the hardest speech, well so far anyways. I still have one more so hopefully it will be a heck of a lot easier. I will definitely work on my stance, keeping my hands out of my pockets, spicing up my voice and getting little more comfortable with the power point.... Free Essays on Evaluation Free Essays on Evaluation I have reviewed my speech and I am surprised that I did so well. I mean I got a 88 on my speech and that’s great for me. I was really nervous, and I thought that was my worst one but I guess not. I still see a lot of flaws in my speech. First I messed up the power point, but just for a second though. So I guess that wasn’t so bad. Then later on while I was giving the speech I totally forgot to bring up the power point when I was on a specific topic of the speech. Well all in all I thought that it wasn’t that bad because I remembered halfway through my sentence, so I kind of saved my self there. Second, my voice is still real slow and boring sounding but I can’t do nothing with I don’t think. I’ve been made fun of for as long as I can remember for having such a slow voice. I will try to spice it up a little bit but I doubt it, but I’ll try. I’m still real shy when I get in front of the class so that quiets and slows down my voice even more so I will try to get more courage the next time I am up there. Finally, I still hunch over when I’m up in front of the class. I need to work on my stance so more. Also I keep putting my hands in my pockets, I don’t even think about it when I do it. So now for the next I will work on standing straight and keeping my hands out of my pockets. I have reviewed my speech and I made it through the hardest speech, well so far anyways. I still have one more so hopefully it will be a heck of a lot easier. I will definitely work on my stance, keeping my hands out of my pockets, spicing up my voice and getting little more comfortable with the power point....

Baldrige Criterion

To many people, strategic planning is something meant only for big businesses, but it is equally applicable to any type of business entity or organization. Strategic planning is matching the strengths of an organization to available opportunities. To do this effectively, an organization need to collect, screen, and analyze information about its environment. The organization also needs to have a clear understanding of its strengths and weaknesses and develop a clear mission, goals, and objectives (Wikipedia, n. . ). Acquiring this understanding often involves more work than expected. The organization must realistically assess its current state and device a plan of action to successfully make it better. So how does an organization gauge how well they are doing in term of matching their strengths to available opportunities? A self-assessment using the Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence can help an organization achieve high performance and move toward performance excellence (Balbridge. om). Even if the organization isn’t ready to apply for the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, the Baldrige criteria are a framework for evaluating any organization’s processes, their impact on results, and its progress toward goals and objectives. The Baldrige criterion consists of seven key categories/indicators of success. One of these categories is strategic planning and it contains ten questions that are not routinely asked on how an organization can function more efficiently. In the case of University California, Berkeley’s and University of Colorado, Boulder’s campus-wide IT strategic plan, this paper will address some of these questions as they relate to Balbridge’s criteria for assessing strategic planning. The questions I will cover are: describe how the organization sets its strategic objectives into action plans, what the organization’s action plans are, and how the organization is able to project future performance on these key performance indicators or measures. In addition, this paper will also describe the following: how each university used the strategic planning process to address their needs, what are the university’s current strategic objectives, and the goals for each objective and the timetable for achieving these objectives. First of all, one of Baldridge’s criteria in strategic planning is answering the question of the organization’s current strategic objectives, the goals for each, and the timetable for achieving them. The following are the objectives for UC Basic IT resources that are adequately supported and refreshed in order to carry out their research, teaching and learning, and administrative work. 2. Seamless, integrated, immediate, and continuous self-service access to information and services. 3. Robust technology tools to support collaboration. 4. Access to tools and data/information that enable community members to develop their own integrated solutions. The UC-Bolder defined their strategic objectives as the following: 1. Universally available wireless network including all campus buildings and strategic open common spaces as well as access to a campus VPN. 2. Faculty purchase and renewal program allowing all faculties a significant subsidy for a new computer every several years. 3. Free antivirus and encryption to protect data as well as access to a variety of major software licenses. 4. Integrated email, calendaring, and scheduling (Exchange). 5. Accessible and multi-layered IT support including both centralized and dedicated IT personnel. 6. Classroom and online IT training. Although I did not go in depth about their objectives and timetables, clearly in each report, both universities exclusively defined what their IT strategic plans and objectives are for their future success. Charles McNamara (n. d. ), a leading strategic planning advisor, stated that goals should be designed and worded as much as possible to be specific, measurable, acceptable to those working to achieve the goals, realistic, timely, extending the capabilities of those working to achieve the goals, and rewarding to them, as well. By clearly defining what their goals and needs are, both universities mirrored the Baldrige criteria for strategic planning. Secondly, one of the ten questions asked in Baldridge criteria for strategic planning is how do you ensure that financial, human, and other resources are available to support the accomplishment of your action plans? In other words, how do the universities convert their strategic objectives into action plans through resource allocations? UC Boulder satisfied that question by having approximately 300 employees in the Information Technology Services. In addition, UC Boulder has also clearly defined how they will allocate their IT resources to ensure they meet their strategic goals. According to the website UC Boulder’s IT allocation is as follows: 1. Campus programs and projects (28%) 2. Academic technologies and spaces (25%) 3. Support, operations, and services (including network and telephony) (42%) 4. Administration amp; support (5%) With UC Berkeley, however, it paints a different picture. UC Berkeley did have an IT allocation but they used the generic term â€Å"resources† throughout their strategic plan and were not at all defined as compared to UC Boulder. Their means of resource support simply stated: â€Å"Researchers and research support staff across disciplines require a minimum level of research support with technical compatibility to facilitate research and the sharing of data, and to avoid significant reinvestment and training for each new research initiative. † By far UC Berkeley does not meet Baldridge criteria by not specifically allocating their resources. With goals and objectives clearly defined by both universities, a plan of action must take place. According to McNamara (n. d. ), action planning is carefully laying out how the strategic goals will be accomplished. Action planning often includes specifying objectives, or specific results, with each strategic goal. Therefore, reaching a strategic goal typically involves accomplishing a set of objectives along the way in that sense, an objective is still a goal, but on a smaller scale. Often, each objective is associated with a tactic, which is one of the methods needed to reach an objective. Therefore, implementing a strategy typically involves implementing a set of tactics along the way in that sense, a tactic is still a strategy, but on a smaller scale. He added that action planning also includes specifying responsibilities and timelines with each objective, or who needs to do what and by when. It should also include methods to monitor and evaluate the plan, which includes knowing how the organization will know who has done what and by when. With that said each university’s plan needs to address adapting and evolving with new and emerging technology to stay in accordance with the Baldrige criteria. UC Berkeley acknowledges how new technology will affect their strategic plan with the following statement in their plan, â€Å"New and emerging technology solution-building capabilities. They attempt to address new technologies in their 2030 plan, but unlike UC Berkeley, they do not address it specifically. UC Boulder’s attempt at planning for emerging technologies: â€Å"Flagship 2030; not only will advancements in research computing across campus help facilitate growth and excellence in research, the open, collaborative, and flexible spirit in which such advancements are pursued will help ensure research computing resources allow for new approaches to research, scholarly, and creative work, and bolster structural support for research and creative programs across campus. Last but not least, the Baldrige criterion asks the question. â€Å"What are your key performance measures or indicators for tracking the achievement and effectiveness of your action plans? † I have read both the universities report in its entirety but I did not find any mention of how each university would measure the successfulness of their strategic plan. It is kind of odd to me that they didn’t mention any indicators or measurement. Is this a common practice among the IT community to not take into account the importance of measuring the effectiveness of their IT strategies? When discussing measuring for effectiveness of the IT plan at UC Berkeley, Mr. Jack McCredie explains, â€Å"It is much more of a description of an end state that we are working for. We are more goal oriented, not number oriented, in our process. One UC Berkeley goal was to wire the campus, not count the number of nodes that are actually installed. Our board doesn’t seem to require particular dashboard numbers that say we are 38 percent of the way to accomplishing our goal.    Clearly in my opinion, both of the universities failed one area of the Baldridge criteria and are not showing any efforts and thoughts into establishing proper measures of effectiveness into their plans. In conclusion, in comparing the strategic IT plans of UC Berkeley and the University of Colorado at Boulder, similarities and differences become quickly evident. When Baldridge criteria for strategic planning are taken into account, in conjunction with comparing each strategic plan, the variation in d epth of commitment clearly shows. In my opinion, each universities IT strategic plan is not superior over the other as both have faults and missing some key ingredients in successfully attaining IT strategic planning superiority. As Charles McNamara stated, â€Å"A frequent complaint about strategic plans is that they are merely to-do lists of what to accomplish over the next few years. Or, others complain that strategic planning never seems to come in handy when the organization is faced with having to make a difficult, major decision. Or, other complains that strategic planning really doesnt help the organization face the future. These complaints arise because organizations fail to conduct a thorough strategic analysis as part of their strategic planning process. Instead, planners decide to plan only from what they know now. This makes the planning process much less strategic and a lot more guesswork. Strategic analysis is the heart of the strategic planning process and should not be ignored.

The Strategy of Verizon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Strategy of Verizon - Research Paper Example The strategy of Verizon in increasing their business process and evolving new technologies in their business. Verizon is the service provider of broadband wireless communication service to its users. They want to meet the global need and establish new technologies and meet the customer requirement. The primary goal of the company is to reach the top in the market and take the leading position. A SWOT analysis is done on Verizon to identify the objectives of the company. Verizon is transforming its business process and aligning the different segment of its business process with their new strategy. The primary strategy of Verizon is to move to the wireless platform and make their infrastructure capable of giving the internet and wireless service to the cars and automobiles (About Verizon,2016). Verizon is innovating new technologies that would help the company to take a lead position in the future. It has identified that the wireless technology in the next evolution and thus it has qui ckly jumped into the wireless platform for further development. According to the strategy, they are working on new technologies that can implement and as a result, more than 98% of the US 4G network covered by Verizon (Greenwald,2013). They use the optical fiber cables for faster transmission instead of traditional copper wires.

Auditing case assignment Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Auditing assignment - Case Study Example The balance sheet accounts will substantiate or given ample evidence that the revenues reported in the income statements are valid and relevant. For, an increase in cash in the balance would indicate that a cash sales transaction occurred. However, an increase in cash could also be attributed to collection of accounts receivable and not a new sales transaction. In addition, an increase in receivables account would indicate a possible sales on account transaction. On the other hand, an increase in receivables account could be due to an reinstatement or reversal of an accounts receivable that had been written off. Accounts receivable are written off if there is a probability that the a certain amount of receivables can no longer be collected because the customer may be absconded or has filed for bankruptcy in the courts2. Yes, the substantive approach appropriately was applied in EM's audit of Maxall. First, EM determined that a violation of the auditing principle that segregation of incompatible functions occurred. Auditing principles state that incompatible functions of recording, keeping and approving should not be placed in the shoulders of one person.

Essay and Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Essay and Research Paper Essay Some young children spend a great amount of their time practicing sports. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. There is a true saying that everyone knows: playing sports is very good for our health. Playing sport helps us stay in shape, builds up our teamwork skill, and makes us consistent players. But there is a truth that not many people can realize: spending too much time on sports may cause some bad influences. Especially when it comes to young children. They need a balanced schedule so that they can take advantage and avoid some disadvantages of playing sports First, playing sports is necessary for everyone to reserve good health. It is proven by scientists that doing exercises or playing sports regularly helps people stay in a good shape, and helps avoid some health problems such as heart attack or blood pressure. For those reasons, young children should spend time in playing sport everyday. But if they spend too much time on that, they will not have enough time to participate in many other interesting and useful activities, such as going on a picnic with their friends or learning to play musical instruments†¦Even worse, they may not spend enough time on study. Second, playing sports helps young children develop their team-work skill. Usually when playing sport, they will be allocated into teams. By trying to connect with other team members to win to the game, they will learn how to get along with people, how to understand other people’s ideas, and how to coordinate with the others to get the best result, not only in sports, but also in study or in a working environment. But still, if they spend too much time on playing sports, there will be a disadvantage for young children, since they spend too much time hanging on with the others in a team, will not know how to handle problems alone, resulting in performing badly when working independently. Lastly, playing sports helps children learn how to stand up after failing, making them competitive in any tournament. It is definite that everyone will fail at least once when they play sport. The desire of being the winner urges them to try more and more. The more they try, the better.they become, but once they are so involved in the game, they somehow become so aggressive. Some will try anything to win, and some will even play unfairly to be the winner. The stories about the soccer players using drugs or the players fighting in a game are clear evidences to the disadvantage of playing sport when it is not under control.

Victorian Language Essay examples -- Victorian Era

Victorian Language The fact of the matter: â€Å"Nobody speaks at all like the characters in any novel, play or film. Life would be intolerable if they did; and novels, plays or films would be intolerable if the characters spoke as people do in life† (Abercrombie 1965). So what was the real way of speech? Fiction was generally thought to be an accurate portrayal of reality; â€Å"true life† (Chapman 1). It was unfavorable if it stressed credulity too far. Therefore, fiction is our main source of information; it is our main source to the reality of speech for the Victorians. Greater mobility and expansion of communication of the Victorian era brought together regional groups, thus increasing the complexity of the variations in the English language. Consequently, pronunciation evolved as an indicator of social prestige (Chapman 6-8). Two categories of speech developed: Standard and Non-Standard speech. Formation of Standard Speech vs. Non-Standard Speech The Education Act of 1870 established the school as a ‘melting pot’ for upper and middle class children and the speech boundary had to be resolved. Thus a uniform accent (Standard speech) was created and pupils who refused to accept this new accent or who could not adapt to this new way of speech were severely punished. Peer pressure was also an issue because the new boy would have to adapt to the new form of speech in order for his peers to accept him or to merely avoid bullies (Chapman 12). Non-Standard Speech This type of speech was also synonymous with lower class slang, â€Å"cockney† or the way in which the ‘uneducated’ communicated, specific to the East End (Chapman 19). The infamous â€Å"cockney† was native to the East End, as remains today. Cockney dialect allowed spelling and ... ... word ‘affidavit,’ yet Rogue Riderhood mispronounces it as an â€Å"Alfred David† (Dickens 12). Therefore, language in the Victorian era was important in ranking members of classes and occupations. Language had the potential to assess and reflect upon one’s regional, educational, occupational and family background. The distinctions in speech amongst three different social ranks are evident in the following excerpt from an adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South. Episode 1, Clip 3. http://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/northandsouth/episode1.shtml Works Cited Chapman, Raymond. Forms of Speech in Victorian Fiction. New York: Longman, 1994. Dickens, Charles. Our Mutual Friend. 1865. Introduction and notes Adrian Poole. New York: Penguin, 1997. Phillipps, K.C. Language and Class in Victorian England. Ed. David Crystal. New York: Basil Blackwell Inc, 1984.

Explaining patterns and trends in health Essay

There are many ways to measure patterns of ill health; these include mortality, morbidity, health events, disease incidence, disease prevalence and health surveillance. These are; Morbidity Rates is how many individuals suffer from the disease at a given time. Mortality Rates is how many individuals die from suffering from the disease and health events individuals being aware of health issues such as the NHS providing information about the main concern. Disease incidence is the chance of the individual being diagnosed. Disease Prevalence is how the proportion of the population is suffering from the disease. Health Surveillance identifies early signs of ill health and way to prevent and protect. There are many social groups which can influence an individual’s health and lifestyle both positively and negatively. These are; Gender which is just whether you are male or female. Age which is how old an individual is when the data is recorded. Social Class which is not meant to still be around as we are supposed to live in a classless society were the class of people does not matter. Risk Behaviour which is certain forms of behaviour which are shown to be associated with increased susceptibility to a certain disease of ill-health. Ethnicity which is the state of belonging to a certain social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. Locality which is the position or site of something. The classifications of social classes are the five class scheme Register Generals Social Class (RGSC) WHICH IS: I – Professional Occupational, II – Managerial and Technical Occupational, III – Skilled Occupational, Manual (M) and Non-Manual (N). IV – Partly –skilled Occupational and V – Unskilled Occupational. NS-SEC stands for the National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification which is: 1 – senior professionals/senior managers, 2 – Associate professionals/Junior managers, 3 – Other administrative and clerical workers, 4- Own account non-professional and 5- Supervisors, technicians and related workers. 6 – Intermediate workers, 7- other workers and 8 – never worked/other inactive. In 1980 the black report was then published. It had been commissioned  approximately 30 years after the founding of the NHS and provided a commentary about how the UK had done in providing for the health of its population. The report concluded that there was a poorer health experience for the lower occupational groups at all stages in life. These were; Gender -Men and women in occupation class V had two and a half times higher chance of dying before reaching the retirement age than those in occupational class I. – At birth and during the first month of life the risk of death in families of unskilled workers was double that of professional families. – Boys in class V had a ten times greater chance of dying from fire, falls or frowning than those in class I – The difference between the health of men and woman indicated that the risk of death for men in each social class was almost twice that for women. – Difference in the health experiences of different ra cial ethnic groups are also identified. Age Health inequality exists in our society and even though they affect different areas they are interlinked. Acheson (1998) said ‘health inequalities affects the whole society and can be identified from foetus to old age’ Locality From the black report I can see that were you live can affect your chances for getting an illness or disease. We find that death rates for CHD for those born I the Indian sub-continent were 38% higher for men and 45% higher for women than rates within the UK. Social Groups The health gap between rich and poor in the UK has widened since 1980 and class is the main core of inequalities wherever they are identified. They found that the scientific evidence supports a socio-economic explanation of health inequalities which are caused by factors such as income, education, employment, environment and lifestyle. The report made three key recommendations to the government. These are; – All policies are likely to have an impact on health should be evaluated in terms of their impact on health inequalities. – A high priority should be given to the health of families with children. – Further steps should be taken to reduce income inequalities and improve the living standards of poor households. Risks of Behaviour Consistent death rates in Europe have reached their lowest point in the entire history of human society. The twentieth century has witnessed a dramatic drop in the rate of infectious disease, as well as the introduction of therapies fo r its treatment. Common causes of death which have greatly weakened, such as TB and diphtheria were often linked to poverty and material deprivation.  Ethnicity One of the most important dimensions of inequality in contemporary Britain is race. Immigrants to this country from the so-called new Commonwealth, whose ethnic identity is clearly visible in the colour of their skin, are known to experience greater difficulty in finding work and adequate housing. The different patterns and trends that I have found within my own research about alcohol related deaths links with ageing, Ethnicity, Risks of behaviour, Locality, Gender and social groups. Gender and Ageing Males aged 30 and over are significantly more likely than females to die of alcohol related causes over 66% of all alcohol related deaths in the UK (in 2011 were among males). Males aged 30 and over were significantly more likely than females o die from alcohol-related causes. For both sexes, the number of alcohol0related deaths increased sharply from the 25-29 year old age group, increasing to 838 for males and 411 for females aged 55 to 59. After this age, the number of alcohol-related deaths began to reduce steadily for males across each age group reducing to 92 for those ages 85 and over. The decline across age groups was more gradual in females, dropping to 81 in the 85 and over age group. 45-49year old men have died from alcohol related death by 32,000 but from females it goes to 14,000. Locality Data for Scotland and Northern Ireland are published separately. Between 2007 and 2010 male alcohol-related death rates were significantly higher in wales than in England. A three year decline in male death rates in wales means this difference is no longer significant. The table shows drinking habits by region in 2012 show people above the age of 16 who consumes alcohol weekly such as in the north east people who drink up to 3-4 units are 46% compared to North West who drink up to 3-4 units are 42%. Social Groups The table shows drinking habits in pregnancy in 2012. Women who are pregnant have consumed alcohol in the last week is 10% compared to women who are not pregnant and unsure are 53%. Ethnicity This table shows drinking habits by ethnicity in 2012 for people who have drank alcohol within the last week is 58% and the people who have drank alcohol five or more occasions last week is 11%.